Subfield of political science focused on interactions within other countries.
Government cutting expenditures to balance budget; economic belt-tightening.
Nondemocratic or dictatorial politics.
Political system of mass participation, competitive elections, and human and civil rights.
Ability of A to get B to do what A wants.
As used here, important, long-term political issues.
Politics among countries.
Manipulative politician who wins votes through impossible promises.
Mutual influence of politics and economy; what government should do in the economy.
Cultural element of country; people psychologically bound to one another.
Institutional or governmental element of country.
Last word in law in a given territory; being boss on your own turf.
Deliberately created but widely accepted as natural.
Cultural characteristics differentiating one group from another.
Collapse of sovereignty; essentially, no national governing power.
Taking theory as reality; from Latin res, thing.
Diminishment of role of religion in government and society.
Proving that one thing causes another.
Political system of power dispersed and balanced between king and nobles.
Royal dictatorship that bypasses nobles.
How territory and politics influence each other.
Those few persons with great influence.
Most people; those without influence.
GDP divided by population, giving approximate level of well-being.
Gross domestic product; sum total of goods and services produced in a country in one year.
Right to vote.
Political artifact that stirs mass emotions.
Established rules and relationships of power.
Written organization of a country’s institutions.
National assembly that considers and enacts laws.
Top executives (ministers) of a government.
Values and attitudes of citizens regarding politics and society.
Untrusting; holding belief that political system is wrong and corrupt.
Mass perception that regime’s rule is rightful.
Belief system to improve society.
Without ideological considerations; based on practicality.
Artificial country that splits apart or is absorbed.
Theory that people rationally pursue their advantage in voting and policies.
Process of finding repeated examples and patterns.
Firm generalization supported by evidence.
Association aimed at getting favorable policies.
In Marxism, deep, opposing forces that can rip the system apart (modern term: dysfunction).
Taxing the better off to help the worse off.
Factor that changes and is related to other factors.
A break and new direction in the expected course of events.
Taking one example as the model for another.
Showing that one example is a poor model for another.
Pre-Roman inhabitants of Europe.
Land king grants to nobles in exchange for support.
Britain’s treasury minister.
British term for mainland Europe.
King balanced by nobles.
1215 agreement to preserve rights of English nobles.
When capitalized, Britain’s legislature, now usually meaning the House of Commons.
Lower house of Parliament; the elected, important chamber.
Upper house of Parliament; now much less important than Commons.
Wants to get the Roman Catholic Church out of politics.
System of judge-made law developed in England.
Legal reasoning based on previous cases.
Country not headed by a monarch.
A republic; also organization of countries that were once British colonies.
In its original sense, supporter of movement to end monarchy.
The British government.
Chief of government in parliamentary systems.
Head of a major department (ministry) of government.
Faction of Parliament that became Liberal Party.
Faction of Parliament that became Conservative Party.
Series of laws expanding the British electoral franchise.
Humans before civilization.
Ideology of preserving existing institutions and usages.
Political system that redistributes income from rich to poor, standard in West Europe.
Ordinary law, usually for a specific problem.
In Bagehot’s terms, symbolic or decorative offices.
In Bagehot’s terms, working, political offices.
Member of Parliament.
MP with executive responsibilities below cabinet rank.
Minister’s assigned ministry.
Connection of executive and legislative branches in parliamentary systems; opposite of U.S. separation of powers.
A particular cabinet, what Americans call “the administration.”
Parliamentary party leader who makes sure members obey the party in voting.
Ordinary MP with no executive responsibility.
Parliamentary vote to oust prime minister.
Special election for a vacant seat in Parliament.
Main British government offices.
Parliament building.
Parties in Parliament that are not in the cabinet.
Leaders of the opposition who aim to become the next cabinet.
Government takeover of an industry.
Two big parties and several small ones.
Sends one representative to Parliament.
Largest quantity, even if less than a majority.
Electoral system of multimember districts with seats awarded by the percentage that parties win.
Electoral system that encourages dominance of one party in a parliament, as in Britain and the United States.
Layer or section of population of similar income and status.
Those paid an hourly wage, typically less affluent and less educated.
Professionals or those paid salaries, typically more affluent and more educated.
Promotion by brains and ability rather than heredity.
In Britain, a private boarding school, equivalent to a U.S. prep school.
Nation’s outlying regions.
Resentment in outlying areas of rule by the nation’s capital.
Founded by South African millionaire; sends top foreign students to Oxford.
Tendency of classes to vote for parties that represent them.
Good manners in politics.
Distribution with most people in the middle, a bell-shaped curve.
Political leaders’ ability to be obeyed.
Malthus’s theory that population growth outstrips food supply.
Giving a region some autonomy to govern itself.
Violent and destructive behavior.
After William of Orange (symbol of Netherlands royal house), Northern Irish Protestants.
Electorate’s perception of a given party.
Psychological attachment of a voter to a political party.
Nationwide vote for all MPs.
One in which no party has a majority of seats; requires a coalition.
Membership in a legislature.
The district or population that elects a legislator.
London headquarters of British political party.
Constituency where voting has long favored a given party.
Socialist theories of Karl Marx.
Marxist but anti-Stalinist, follower of Leon Trotsky.
Revival of free-market economics, exemplified by Thatcher.
British labor federation, equivalent to the U.S. AFL-CIO.
MP known to represent an interest group.
Government economic aid to individual or business.
Time reserved in Commons for MPs to query ministers.
Highest civil servant who runs a ministry, under a nominal minister.
Lowest rank of nobility, carries the title “Sir.”
British ministry that supervises economic policies and budgets of other ministries.
A lord or lady, higher than knighthood.
Friedrich’s theory that politicians plan their moves so as not to anger the public.
A shrinking economy, indicated by falling GDP.
Theory that out-of-control interest groups produce policy logjams.
Rejects conventional values, as in the 1960s.
Autonomous interaction of social groups with themselves and with government.
Decline of heavy industry.
Buying things.
Making things.
Efficiency with which things are made.
Increase in most prices.
Friedman’s theory that the rate of growth of money supply governs much economic development.
Government sells off nationalized industries to private business.
Spending programs citizens are automatically entitled to, such as Social Security.
Originally, a subject of the Crown; now means British citizen.
Central government turns some powers over to regions.
Vote on an issue rather than for an office.
Part-way federal.
Quasi-federation of most European states; began in 1957 as the Common Market or European Community (EC).
Currency for most of Europe since 2002; worth around $1.25.
Progressing evenly and always upward.
Old, unused French parliament.
French provincial administrators, answerable only to Paris; early version of prefects.
Person of inherited noble rank.
Palaces and park on outskirts of Paris begun by Louis XIV.
Region where the state originated.
Region’s sense of its difference.
French for old regime, the monarchy that preceded the Revolution.
After French philosopher René Descartes, philosophical analysis based on pure reason without empirical reference.
Eighteenth-century philosophical movement advocating reason and tolerance.
Rousseau’s theory of what the whole community wants.
France’s parliament.
Old and nearly unused Paris jail, the storming of which heralded the French Revolution in 1789.
King with limited powers.
Robespierre’s 1793–1794 rule by guillotine.
Military takeover of a government.
Referendum; mass vote for issue rather than for candidates.
After Napoleonic soldier named Chauvin; fervent, prideful nationalism.
Psychologically distant and hostile.
Revolutionary month when Robespierre fell; a calming down after a revolutionary high.
French dynasty before the Revolution.
Citizen takeover of Paris government during 1870–1871 German siege.
Middle class.
Seeking to go back to old ways; extremely conservative.
Supposedly unbreachable French defenses facing Germany before World War II.
Nazi puppet regime that ran France during World War II.
Coalition government of all leftist and liberal parties in France and Spain in the 1930s.
World War II French underground anti-German movement.
De Gaulle’s World War II government in exile.
World War II anti-Axis military coalition.
Jewish nationalist movement that founded Israel.
Government inability to solve big problems.
Granting of independence to colonies.
French for prime minister.
Elected head of state, not necessarily powerful.
Multiparty alliance to form government.
U.S. tendency for executive and legislature, especially when of opposing parties, to block each other; current term: gridlock.
System with features of both presidential and parliamentary systems.
Presidential palace in Paris, equivalent to U.S. White House.
Chirac’s revival of Gaullist party, now called Union for a Popular Movement (UMP).
French president forced to name premier of opposing party.
Percentage of those eligible who vote in a given election.
Member of French and many other parliaments.
Official, usually unelected, who governs by virtue of economic skills.
In Europe, department in charge of homeland security and national police.
Paris house of French National Assembly.
Legislative condemnation of executive.
French anti-immigrant and anti-EU party.
System that centralizes power in the capital with little autonomy for component areas.
Main territorial units within countries, such as departments in France.
French préfet; top administrator of department.
French for “noon”; the South of France.
Department; French first-order civil division, equivalent to British county.
French national anthem.
Idea that a strong government should run things, especially major industries.
Heavily controlled by civil servants.
Concerned only with one’s personal life; unsocial.
French academic high school.
French high school exam and diploma.
French for “great school”; an elite, specialized college.
France’s school for top bureaucrats.
Mentally separating and isolating problems.
Distilling social characteristics into one example.
Rises and falls quickly.
1970s move by Italian Communists away from Stalinism and toward democracy.
Brutal central control over Communist parties.
Euphemism for riots and upheaval of May 1968.
Pronounced “kar-isma”; Greek for gift; political drawing power.
French business association.
Permanent openness of bureaucracy to interest-group demands.
Bureaucrats directing industry; closely connected to French statism.
Top bureaucrats of France.
French for tutelage; bureaucratic guidance.
Short for General Finance Inspection; very top of French bureaucracy, with powers to investigate all branches.
Small shopkeeper.
Government suggestions to industry to expand in certain areas.
Keeping out imports via tariffs and regulations in order to help domestic producers.
One that quickly rises and falls.
Desire to preserve or return to old ways.
Unwillingness of workers to take or change jobs.
Taxes for medical, unemployment, and pension benefits.
Off-the-books transactions to avoid taxes and regulations.
Follower of Islam; also adjective of Islam.
Large, hidden national sales taxes used throughout Europe.
EU farm subsidies, the biggest part of the EU budget.
Catholic dynasty that once ruled Austria-Hungary, Spain, Latin America, and the Netherlands.
1618–1648 Habsburg attempt to conquer and catholicize Europe.
Treaty ending the Thirty Years War.
Powerful North German state; capital Berlin.
(Pronounced YOON care) From junge Herren, young gentlemen; Prussian nobility.
Belief in greatness and unity of one’s country and hatred of rule by foreigners.
German for “living space” for an entire nation. (Note: All German nouns are capitalized.)
European and Latin American for free society and free economy. (Note very different U.S. meaning.)
Contrived conservative system that tried to restore pre-Napoleon European monarchy and stability.
Culture struggle, specifically Bismarck’s with the Catholic Church.
Power politics (cognate to “might”).
Politics of realism.
German for empire.
Pre-Hitler German parliament; its building now houses the Bundestag.
German for Caesar; emperor.
German Social Democratic Party.
Rethinking an ideology or reinterpreting history.
German for “stab in the back.”
1919 treaty ending World War I.
1919–1933 democratic German republic.
Very rapid inflation, more than 50 percent a month.
A multiparty system of two extremist blocs with little in the center.
Unprincipled person out for himself or herself.
Nazi program to exterminate Jews.
Murder of an entire people.
Treaty to not attack each other, specifically the 1939 treaty between Hitler and Stalin.
Massive U.S. financial aid for European recovery.
German currency from 1948 to 2002.
U.S.--British supply of West Berlin by air in 1948–1949.
Previously West Germany, now all of Germany.
Basic Law; Germany’s constitution.
System in which component areas have considerable autonomy.
Germany’s first-order civil division, equivalent to U.S. state; plural Länder.
Central Europe.
Lower house of German parliament.
German prime minister.
Parliament must vote in a new cabinet when it ousts the current one.
A government of two largest parties with only minor parties in opposition.
German prefix for “federal.”
In federal systems, the powers of the nation’s capital.
Germany’s top court, equivalent to U.S. Supreme Court.
Too many parties in parliament.
Environmentalist party.
Literally, federal council; upper chamber of German parliament, represents states.
German state legislature.
In PR elections, party’s ranking of its candidates; voters pick one list as their ballot.
In PR systems, minimum percentage party must win to get any seats.
Electoral system combining single-member districts with proportional representation.
Combines tolerance and freedoms (liberalism) with mass participation (democracy).
Purging Nazi officials from public life.
Nazi genocide of Europe’s Jews during World War II.
Preservation of diverse languages and traditions within one country; in German, Multikulti.
Payment for war damages.
Theory that age groups are marked by the great events of their young adulthood.
Theory that modern culture has moved beyond getting and spending.
Attachment to a system based on its providing material abundance.
Attachment to a system for its own sake.
Literally “east policy”; Brandt’s building of relations with East Europe, including East Germany.
Informal name for West German.
Informal name for East German.
Hearkening to an ideal world or mythical past.
Parties trying to win a big centrist vote with moderate programs.
Single-peaked distribution.
Two-peaked distribution.
Literally “world view”; parties offering firm, narrow ideologies.
Nonideological parties that welcome all.
Voters losing identification with any party.
Literally, state of laws; government based on written rules and rights.
Unions holding back on compensation demands.
German for “economic miracle.”
“Social market economy”; Germany’s postwar capitalism aimed at reconstruction and welfare.
What it costs to manufacture the same item in different countries.
German economic model.
Agreement among all constituent groups.
“Codetermination”; unions participating in company decisions.
The 19 (out of 28) EU countries that use the euro currency.
Supervises interest rates, money supply, and inflation in the euro area, like the U.S. Fed.
Emergency loan to prevent a collapse.
“Guest workers”; temporary labor allowed into Germany.
Latin for “right of blood”; citizenship based on descent.
Latin for “right of soil”; citizenship given to those born in the country.
Fear and hatred of foreigners.
Soviet-led alliance of Communist countries, now defunct.
Trading organization of Communist countries, now defunct.
West Germany, 1949–1990, with the capital in Bonn.
Reunified Germany, since 1990, with the capital in Berlin.
Study of population growth.
How many children an average woman bears.
Japan’s original religion; the worship of nature, of one’s ancestors, and of Japan.
Feudal Japanese military ruler.
Dynasty of shoguns who ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868; also known as the Edo Period.
Literally, “outside person”; foreigner. (Japanese suffix “jin” means person, thus Nihon-jin and America-jin.)
Period of Japan’s rapid modernization, starting in 1868.
Japanese puppet state in Manchuria.
Japan’s long-dominant party, a catchall.
Name of some parliaments, such as Japan’s and Finland’s.
Government projects that narrowly benefit legislators’ constituencies.
The electoral overturn of one party by another.
Japan’s powerful Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (formerly MITI).
First-order Japanese civil division; like French department.
Deeply internalized feeling of personal responsibility and moral failure.
Feeling of having behaved incorrectly and of having violated group norms.
Interlocking of politicians, bureaucrats, and businesspeople to promote the flow of funds among them.
Corrupt practice publicized by news media.
Politicians’ relatively small payments to buy votes.
Secret, unbudgeted, and unaccountable money used by politicians.
Lavish use of funds to win elections.
Symbol for yen (and Chinese yuan); Japan’s currency; worth about ¥100 to $1.
Ability of one component to block laws or changes.
Institutions of government such as constitution, laws, and branches.
In U.S. politics, funds given to parties and other groups rather than to candidates in order to skirt restrictions.
South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
Big picture of a nation’s economy, including GDP size and growth, productivity, interest rates, and inflation.
Close-up picture of individual markets, including product design and pricing, efficiency, and costs.
Too much money floating around.
Decrease in prices; opposite of inflation.
Government spends more in a given year than it takes in.
Sum total of government deficits over many years.
Exporting more than you import.
Lender admits that a nonperforming loan will never be repaid.
One that is not being repaid.
Number working compared to number retired.
Coercive rule, usually by one person.
That part of Russia east of the Ural Mountains.
Capital of Byzantium, conquered by Turks in 1453.
Greek-based alphabet of Eastern Slavic languages.
Mongol-origin tribes who ruled Russia for centuries. (Not Tartar.)
From Slavic for “borderland”; country south of Russia.
Part of country separated from main territory.
From “caesar”; Russia’s emperor; sometimes spelled old Polish style, czar.
Absolute rule of one person in a centralized state.
Combining the top civil ruler (caesar) with the top spiritual ruler (pope), as in Russia’s tsars.
Nineteenth-century Russians who wished to copy the West.
Nineteenth-century Russians who wished to develop Russia along native, non-Western lines; also known as “Russophiles.”
Powerful countries turning other lands into colonies.
Local parliament in old Russia.
From Russian for “people,” narod; radical populist agitators of late nineteenth-century Russia.
Radical ideology seeking to overthrow all conventional forms of government.
According to Marx, class of industrial workers.
Economic theories of Marx combined with organization of Lenin.
“Majority” in Russian; early name for Soviet Communist Party.
Russia’s national parliament.
Russian abbreviation for “general secretary”; powerful CPSU chief.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Unreasonable suspicion of others.
Stalin’s “cleansing” of suspicious elements by firing squad.
Period of armed tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union, approximately 1947–1989.
Temporary strict socialism in Russia, 1918–1921.
Lenin’s economic policy that allowed private activity, 1921–1928.
Stalin’s forced industrialization of the Soviet Union, starting in 1928.
Implements used to make other things.
Things people use, such as food, clothing, and housing.
One unable to govern effectively; corrupt and crime ridden.
Large, next-to-top governing body of most Communist parties.
“Man of the apparatus”; full-time CPSU functionary.
“Political bureau”; small, top governing body of most Communist parties.
First-order civil division of Communist federal systems, equivalent to U.S. states.
List of sensitive positions and people eligible to fill them, the Soviet elite.
The Soviet central prisons administration.
“Strong men”; security officials who now control Russia (singular silovik).
Soviet central economic planning agency.
Lower house of Russia’s parliament.
Rule by a few.
Rule by thieves.
Leftover portions of a country after dismemberment.
Gorbachev’s policy of media openness.
Associations larger than the family but not part of government, and the pluralistic values that come with them.
To teach political culture, often informally.
Mountainous region between Black and Caspian seas.
Region between Caspian Sea and China.
Personal glorification of a dictator.
Sudden replacement of socialist economy by market economy.
Attempts to totally control society, as under Stalin and Hitler.
Dictatorial rejection of democracy, but milder than totalitarianism.
Russian for “restructuring”; Gorbachev’s proposals to reform the Soviet economy.
Influential people use their resources to amass more resources.
Spreadsheet for economy of entire nation.
Number of live newborns who die in their first year, per thousand; standard measure of nation’s health.
Selling off firm’s property and raw materials for short-term profit.
What a government takes in, what it spends, and how it makes up the difference.
Money that the owner sends out of the country for fear of losing it.
Noninflating, recognized currencies used in international dealings, such as dollars and euros.
Country announces that it cannot pay back a loan.
Influence of geography on politics and use of geography for strategic ends.
Mountainous region north of Georgia and Azerbaijan, including Chechnya.
Supposed blend of capitalism and socialism; also called “third way.”
A country’s exports minus its imports.
China’s traditional and current name for itself, “in the middle of the heavens” (translation of Zhōngguó).
Early dynasty, 206 BC to 220 AD, that solidified China’s unity and culture. Ethnic meaning: main people of China.
High civil servant of imperial China; now main language of China.
Rise, maturity, and fall of an imperial family.
Old Chinese expression for legitimacy.
Central Asian tribes combined by Genghis Khan; ruled China as the Yuan dynasty in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
Last imperial dynasty of China, 1644–1912; also known as Qing.
A system that preserves itself with little change.
Chinese philosophy of social and political stability based on family, hierarchy, and manners.
Literally, “head to the ground”; to kneel and bow deeply.
Chinese dynasty between Mongols and Manchus, 1368–1644.
Literally, “spell sound”; current system of transliterating Chinese.
Nineteenth-century British (and French) campaigns to keep China open to opium imports.
Areas of China coast run by European powers.
Privilege of Europeans in colonial situations to have their own laws and courts.
Semicolonial area under control of major power.
Religion-based rebellion in nineteenth-century China.
Chinese antiforeigner rebellion in 1900.
U.S. policy of protecting China.
General who ran province after collapse of empire in 1911.
Chiang Kai-shek’s party that unified China in the late 1920s, abbreviated KMT.
Mao’s theory of peasant-based revolution for China.
Walled compound for China’s top leaders next to Forbidden City in Beijing.
Emperor’s walled palace complex in Beijing.
Divinely correct positioning of structures.
Gate of Heavenly Peace, Beijing’s main square.
Noting personnel changes to analyze Communist regimes.
Short name for Beijing University, long China’s best (equivalent to Japan’s Todai).
Short for Communist International; the world’s Communist parties under Moscow’s control.
Communist member serving as an official; Chinese: gànbù.
Mao’s ultraradical helpers, arrested in 1976.
National police force organized and equipped like a light army, such as the French CRS.
Soviet-style home area for ethnic minority.
Muslim, Turkic-speaking Chinese ethnic group, bordering ex-Soviet Central Asia.
China’s northwesternmost region, home of Uighurs.
Himalayan region of China with distinct language and culture.
(sounds like who cow) Registered place of residence.
Extreme form of communism, featuring guerrilla warfare and periodic upheavals.
Belief that human will can change the world.
Southern coastal province, capital Guangzhou.
Major industrial area in Guangdong; includes Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong.
First dynasty to unify China, 221–206 BC
Large island off China’s southern coast, ruled by Nationalists since 1945.
1950–1953 conflict involving North and South Korean, U.S., and Chinese forces.
Chinese name for World War II in China, 1937–1945.
China’s term for its domination by imperialists from the first Opium War to Communist victory, 1839–1949.
The curbing of criticism writers impose on themselves.
From Dao, “the way”; old Chinese religion originally based on nature; earlier spelled Taoism.
Society of Jesus; Catholic religious order once active in converting Asians.
“Common language” of China, now standard; earlier called Mandarin.
Huge Polish labor union that ousted the Communist regime in 1989.
China’s top technological university, in Beijing (still often spelled in Wade-Giles Tsinghua).
Mao’s failed late 1950s effort to industrialize China overnight.
Mao’s late 1960s mad effort to break bureaucracy in China.
Radical Maoist youth who disrupted China during the Cultural Revolution.
Firms still owned by the Chinese government.
Government by force.
Measure of inequality; higher is more unequal.
Chinese for connections (do not confuse with Guangxi Province); polite term for corruption.
Typical trajectory of economic development.
Gradual calming of destabilizing economic shifts.
Research and development of new technologies.
To change the worth of a currency downward in relation to other currencies (opposite of revalue).
Renminbi (people’s money), official name of China’s currency, same as yuan.
China’s currency (symbol ¥), officially called RMB, worth about 16 U.S. cents.
To fix one currency at an unchanging rate to another.
To change the worth of a currency upward in relation to other currencies (opposite of devalue).
To allow a currency to find its own level based on supply and demand.
A currency’s value taking cost of living into account.
Areas originally on China’s southern coast where capitalist economic development was encouraged.
Foreign firms setting up operations in other countries.
Short for “young urban professional.”
Organization whose 120-plus members open themselves to trade and investment; has quasi-judicial powers.
Selling goods overseas for less than it costs to produce them.
(Pronounced Type-A) Capital of Taiwan.
Chief religion of India, polytheistic and based on Vedic scriptures, rebirth, and caste.
Rigid, hereditary social stratum or group.
Sixth century bc offshoot of Hinduism; seeks enlightenment through meditation and cessation of desire.
Muslim state governed by a sultan (holder of power).
From Mongol; Muslim conquerors of India; formed empire.
Gaining and exploitation of overseas territories, chiefly by Europeans; related to imperialism.
Sanskrit for “great king”; Hindu prince.
Indian soldier in the British Indian Army.
From Hindi rule; British government of India, 1858–1947.
Asia south of the Himalayas (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh); also called South Asia.
Led India’s independence movement and later was the dominant party.
Swa = self, raj = rule; Indian independence.
Divide a country among its communities.
Ethnic or religious communities within a nation.
Organization demanding a separate Muslim Pakistan.
Literally, Hinduness.
Valley near Himalayas contested by India and Pakistan.
Delhi’s ability to take over state governments.
Mutually intelligible variety of a language.
National language of India.
In India, treating members of all religions equally.
Maoist guerrilla fighters in India.
India’s currency (symbol Rs); Rs. 65 are worth about $1.
Economic self-sufficiency, importing and exporting little.
Policy of excluding foreign goods and producing them domestically; means high tariffs.
Muslim religious law based on the Koran.
Experience too-rapid economic growth characterized by inflation, factories at full capacity, and excessive borrowing.
Can keep going for many years with no major downturns.
Spanish for Middle America; southern Mexico and northern Central America.
Originally, Indian chief; local political boss.
The Americas before Columbus arrived.
Spaniard born in the New World.
Military chief or strongman who takes over the government.
Land owned in common by villages.
Ideology and methods of PRI.
From seis años; six-year term of Mexico’s presidents.
Direct participation of interest groups in governance.
Government favors to groups for their support.
Established and durable relationships of power and authority.
To make a political relationship permanent.
Degree to which government limits its powers.
From dedo, finger; tapped for high office.
One party is much stronger than all others and stays in office a long time.
Undermining of centrist governments from both sides.
Claims to be for common people and against elites.
Large country estate with Spanish owner (hacendado) and Indian serfs.
Intermingling of Spanish and Indian.
“North Americans”; U.S. citizens.
Dedicated to equality.
To enroll other groups in your cause, rendering them harmless.
Spanish for “weight”; Mexico’s currency, worth about 7 U.S. cents.
Drug trafficker.
World becoming one big capitalist market.
1994 North American Free Trade Agreement among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Money sent home.
Council that runs state until king comes of age.
Philosophy of applying scientific method to social problems and gradually improving society.
Brazil’s first republic, 1889–1930; rigged democracy.
“Colonels,” Brazilian state-level political bosses.
To bring new sectors of the population into political participation.
“Self-coup,” top executive seizes more power.
“New State,” Vargas’s corporatistic welfare state.
Related to taxes and public spending.
Brazilian shantytown, found in most cities.
Not yet organized, incoherent.
Politics by strong, showoff personalities.
Strutting, exaggerated masculinity.
Radical theory that rich countries exploit and impoverish poor countries.
Bringing down the rate of inflation (not the same as deflation, an overall decline in prices).
(plural, reís; symbol, R$) Brazil’s currency, worth about 45 U.S. cents.
International Monetary Fund, grants loans to promote economic stability.
Economic theory that weak firms should fold to make way for new enterprises.
Series of meetings that modernized the Roman Catholic Church and turned it to problems of poverty; also called Vatican II.
“Family Allowance,” 2004 Brazilian welfare program.
Overconcentration of populations into cities.
Arabic for “struggle”; also Muslim holy war.
Islamic dynasty.
British colonial governance through native hereditary rulers.
Roman and British imperial ruling method of setting subjects against each other.
Movement to unite all of Africa.
Drying out.
Africa south of the Sahara.
Narrow band south of Sahara; arid but not yet desert.
Underground water-bearing layer.
Tropical grasslands south of Sahel.
In Huntington’s theory, a country split by two civilizations.
In Huntington’s theory, a country with a Westernizing elite but traditional masses.
Multiple splits in society that make group loyalties overlap.
Reinforcing one another.
Giving government jobs to political supporters.
Early 1960s theory that America could develop Third World lands.
Factor you can change that makes a big improvement.
The specific choices governments make.
Exchanges of money open to public scrutiny. (Opposite: opacity.)
Bribe paid to government official for a contract.
Living on $1.25 a day or less.
Religion founded by Muhammad.
Minority branch of Islam.
Mainstream Islam.
Arabic for assembly; Iran’s parliament.
Persian for king.
Dictator who pushes a country ahead.
U.S. Cold War policy of blocking expansion of communism.
Nonreligious.
Muslim house of worship.
Turkish imperial dynasty, fourteenth to twentieth centuries.
Cartel of oil-rich countries designed to boost petroleum prices.
Muslim cleric.
“Sign of God”; top Shia religious leader.
Rule by priests.
“Guardianship of the Islamic jurist”; theocratic system devised by Khomeini.
Internal laws of the Roman Catholic Church.
Someone who uses Islam in a political way.
Persian for “mobilization”; Iranian volunteer paramilitary force.
Muslim holy book.
Islam turned into political ideology.
Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca.
Ruling by Islamic jurist.
Most of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Very small loans to startup businesses.
Country based on oil exports.
Use of public office for private gain.